Wuthering Heights Heathcliff Essay - 1169 Words

Wuthering Heights Heathcliff Wuthering Heights centres on the story of Heathcliff. The first paragraph provides a vivid physical picture of him, as Lockwood describes how his black eyes withdraw suspiciously under his brows at Lockwoods approach. Nellys story begins with his introduction into the Earnshaw family. His vengeful desire to do evil and his love for Catherine drive the entire plot. Heathcliff, however, defies being understood and it is difficult for the reader to resist seeing what they want to see in him. By the name Heath-cliff it hints to the reader that he is empty like a heath or dangerous like a cliff. The house which he is brought to also gives the reader a picture of stormy bad weather. Bronte†¦show more content†¦I dont care how long I wait, if I can do it at last I hope he does not die before I do! One afternoon when Heathcliff was going for a stroll with Catherine they passed through Thrushcross Grange. Catherine fell in and the Lintons took her in but they did not invite Heathcliff. They nursed Catherine back to health and in the mean time she came to like Edgar. Later on they arranged for Catherine and Edgar to marry which completely destroyed him. This was the start of many evil deeds that would be caused by Heathcliff to the Linton family. On the return of Heathcliff as a gentleman Heathcliff thought he was prepared to avenge Hindley for his maltreatment and the Linton family for taking away Catherine from him. His main aim was to gain control on Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange and win back the hand of Catherine. Heathcliff began gambling with Hindley he caused him to become an addicted gambler and an alcoholic. He lost Wuthering Heights to Heathcliff and died a broken man after living on Heathcliffs petty charity. Heathcliff decided to marry Isabella to get back at Edgar. He treated her like a slave in her own house and they did not even have marital relations. At one instance of insanity he hanged her pet dog on the gates of the Heights. His abuse of her was purely sadistic as he amused himself by seeing how much she could take andShow MoreRelated Wuthering Heights Heathcliff Essay1836 Words   |  8 PagesWuthering Heights Heathcliff Heathcliff is introduced in Nellys narration as a seven-year-old Liverpool foundling (probably an Irish famine immigrant) brought back to Wuthering Heights by Mr. Earnshaw. His presence in Wuthering Heights overthrows the prevailing habits of the Earnshaw family, members of the family soon become involved in turmoil and fighting and family relationships become spiteful and hateful. Even on his first night, he is the reason Mr. Earnshaw breaks the toys he had boughtRead More Cathy and Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesCathy and Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights    It seems to be a simple love story of two suffering souls - Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw. But this love can hardly exist in reality - its a fantasy of Emily Bronte, she created a sample of a real eternal passion - powerful and boundless. Only death seemed to be stronger than it. Though, after Cathy and Heathcliff are dead, these similar souls joined... Theres no doubt in it.    Remember Heathcliffs words:    You teach me nowRead More The Jealous Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe Jealous Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights   Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Wuthering Heights, Heathcliffs personality could be defined as dark, menacing, and brooding. He is a dangerous character, with rapidly changing moods, capable of deep-seeded hatred, and incapable, it seems, of any kind of forgiveness or compromise. In the first 33 chapters, the text clearly establishes Heathcliff as an untamed, volatile, wild man and establishes his great love of Catherine and her usage of him as the source ofRead MoreWuthering Heights Heathcliff Personality Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesHeathcliff’s Personality Heathcliff is one of the main characters in the renowned novel, Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte. Heathcliff is such a memorable character due to his unique personality and how he approaches and engages conflicts in his life. Whether Heathcliff’s actions spark sympathy or lead to disappointment with his conduct, some characteristics of his personality do seem to stand out throughout the novel. Traits such as his unwillingness to forgive those for events in the past,Read More Wuthering Heights- Is Heathcliff a man or a devil? Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesWuthering Heights- Is Heathcliff a man or a devil? Wuthering Heights was written by Emily Brontà « and was first published in 1847, it was written during the romantic period, it is a story of love, lust and sorrow all held together by extreme passion, love and hate. One of the main characters in the book Wuthering Heights is Heathcliff, he was a orphan who lived in Liverpool, we find very little about Heathcliffs past before he is adopted by the Earnshaws, which makes Heathcliff aRead MoreEssay on Hareton vs. Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights1076 Words   |  5 PagesWuthering Heights is a book written by Emily Bronte, which consists of many static and dynamic characters. Its characters are oftentimes hard to decipher from one another, whether it be their names are similar, start with the same letter, or are the same name entirely. Wuthering Heights is about many issues of Bronte’s time, such as racism and class, through a love triangle between a free-spirited woman, a rich, well-mannered man, and a poor, discriminated man. Their love triangle outlives them andRead More The Character of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte632 Words   |  3 PagesThe Character of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte In Wuthering Heights Heathcliff is both a romantic hero and a villain. As a romantic hero he is noble, brave and involved in a passionate love affair, he is also the main character. He is called a villain that means he is spiteful and only thinks about himself. Nobody, except Catherine and maybe Hareton like him. He immediately turns Lockwood against him, because he patronises Lockwood in a sophisticated manner that LockwoodRead MoreHeathcliff and Hareton Earnshaw in Wuthering Heights Essay4977 Words   |  20 PagesDiscuss the portrayal of Heathcliff and Hareton Earnshaw in WutheringHeights. Are they products of nature or nurture? I am going to look at the nature and nurture of both Hareton Earnshaw and Heathcliff, of Emily BrontÃÆ' «s Wuthering Heights, and try to decide whether these two characters are products of their nature or their nurture. A persons nature is the way they are born, their raw state of mind, the parts of their character unaffected by outside influence. A persons nurture isRead More Heathcliff as Byronic Hero of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights789 Words   |  4 PagesHeathcliff as Byronic Hero of Wuthering Heights      Ã‚   It is difficult if not impossible to find a character in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights that is 100% convincing as the hero -- until one applies the qualities of the Byronic hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When considering Wuthering Heights Heathcliff immediately jumps to mind as the villainous character.   Upon his return he wickedly orchestrates Hindleys economic demise and takes control of the Heights.   He attempts to win Catherine, now a marriedRead More Characters of Catherine and Heathcliff in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights1610 Words   |  7 PagesThe Characters of Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights      Ã‚  Ã‚   Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights can be considered a Gothic romance or an essay on the human relationship. The reader may regard the novel as a serious study of human problems such as love and hate, or revenge and jealousy. One may even consider the novel Brontes personal interpretation of the universe. However, when all is said and done, Heathcliff and Catherine are the story. Their powerful presence permeates throughout

Managing homeland security Free Essays

The US homeland security department was formed as a strategy to beef up homeland security following the enactment of the Homeland security Act of 2002.   This was in reaction to the increased terrorist attacks around the world and particularly because of the devastating September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001.   The department of Homeland security is charged with the economies responsibility of mobilizing the nation for prevention of further terrorist attacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing homeland security or any similar topic only for you Order Now    This it does by providing a care unifying point for numerous organizations that ran parallel to ensuring sufficient homeland security. (Kemp, 2003). Notably, the DHS responsibilities are exceedingly important as well as challenging.   The men and women in this department rise daily to protect the citizens of America form visions terrorist attack.   They must therefore be guided by a clear framework to direct flier actions and this is provided in the department vision and mission statement.   For instance, the vision reads preserving out freedom, protecting America †¦we secure our homeland. The mission on the other hand reads â€Å"we will lead the unified national efforts to secure America.   We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the nation.   We will ensure safe and secure borders, welcome lawful immigrants and visitors and promote the free flow of commerce (www.dhs.gov.)   These strongly started missions provide a strong foundation and framework for building on the daily operations of this department. The vision and mission of the department set out the goals of the department which are also purposeful and clear, for example to identify and understand threats, to value to most valuable asset i.e. the people of America and so on.   Clearly, the mission and vision stamens of the DHS are crucial to the operations of the department and especially the human resources. The structure The department of Homeland security comprises of five directors namely, The directors of National protection and programs, The directorate of science and technology, The directorate of management, The office of policy and the office of health Affairs. The directorate of National Protection and programs is charged with the task of developing and implementing risk reduction approaches by putting in place an integrated and comprehensive view of cubing risk elements both physical and virtual.   If feel that this arm plays a crucial role since prevention is better than cure.   Risk reduction approach goes a long way to facilitating reduced terrorist attacks. The directorate of science and Technology primarily provides the federal and state officials with the technology and capabilities they may require to stay a head in the plight against terrorism.   This is a very important function of the department because seen as it is, the terrorist techniques get sophisticate by the day and with the directorate RD efforts, advanced technology to match or even surpass that of the terrorist gangs helps to reduce numerous attacks by detecting them early or reducing the magnitude of their effects. This I feel is very crucial to be department’s mission. The directing for management is equally important.   This is because it ensures that the budget is properly appropriated, adequate to fund the operations of the department which no doubt must be very costly.   These funds must be well managed and this is the function of the directorate of managements.   Additionally, other components such as the human resource, expenditure of funds, IT systems management, procurement of necessary materials and so on fall under the roles of this directorate. These functions although not directly connected to the actual capturing of terrorists contribute to the smooth running of the department. This is especially true when it comes to the  human resource.   I believe it is one of the most important functions of this department which entails the right people for the job. E.g. highly qualified, possess integrity, innovative as well as patriotic. The division of office of policy is just as pertinent as the other in the DHS. Although not well known to many, its main function is to formulate and coordinate policies within the department of homeland security.   I believe that the division in the DHS is crucial component in that it provides a focused centralized long range blue prints to the protection of the United States and its people. (Howard, James Moore, 2005). Also in line with the five directorates of the department of homeland security is the office of Health Affairs.   Much cannot be said about this department but of importance is the role it plays providing medical activities in instances where having medical background preparation may be called for.   Generally, this act to ensure that staff is well prepared to face challenges of a medical nature such as diseases like SARS, Bird flu and the rest which pose homeland insecurity. The US department of homeland security works in conjunction with the independent organizations such as the US coast guard which is a branch of the military whose duty is basically to conduct search and rescue mission as well as provide security assistance of a marine nature.   This organization is the smallest of all but none the less vital in ensuring maximum possible security to the American citizens, the environment us economy or any other security interest falling in the region meantime.   This organization seems most logical because it is impossible for the DHS to work alone in providing security to the whole of American. Not only that, division of labour or rather specialization ensures that the experts do their part to give maximum contribution to the security of America.   Beside since both organization have same mission where necessary at all times.   The other independent body that worked with the US department of security is the secret service.   This department has dual roles form providing security to correct retires of visiting leaders and conducting criminal investigations of a sensitive nature say money laundry, identity theft, computer based attacks and so on. Contrary to what most people believe, not the agency is misplaced in working with homeland security, I feel that its pretense is crucial to beefing security within American not only to the ‘who is who’ and their families but even the citizens of American.   This is because most terrorist attacks are funded from outside sources to internally based allies.   Tracking suspicious transfers could head the agency to exposing such suspicious transaction and ultimately lead to the crime that is not so far apart form terrorism or terrorist.   When the US secret service curbs these problems, they in part also curb problems and threats of terrorism. The five directorates are further made up smaller operate under the umbrella of the directorates.   For instance under the NPP directorates we have the offices of cyber security and communications, infrastructure protection (OIP) office of intergovernmental programs (IGP) office of Risk management and Analysis (RMA) and US Visit. These sub-divisions under the NNP directorate expand the breath of jurisdiction and duties of the department of homeland security.   In terms increasing preparedness for unexpected attacks, reassurance to the nation providing decision makers will information that is relevant and accurate when it is needed, developing integrated approach to homeland security right form grassroots, and so on. In my opinion, the department of homeland security is well organized, in a logical way of least.   The organization hierarchy is very clearly displayed in the deportment organization chart with the security at the top of the chart.   In support to this claim, the department has tried to be very comprehensive with almost all areas affecting security considered, for example, the legal aspects, health, financial management, technological, intelligence, citizenship, public affairs and policy and so on. Additionally, the department appoints commissioners and directors form other agencies such as the citizenship and migration services, customs and border protection, transport security, secret service, coast guard, federal emergency management Agency (FEMA) and immigration and customs enforcements. (https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/aemrc/booksdownload/fem/)   This only goes to show how well thought out the organization of the agency is. The inclusion of the afore mentioned agencies ensures that no loopholes are left uncovered i.e. right from detection of potential threats, prevention tacking of insecurity and swift and efficient disaster management in case of terrorist attacks or natural disaster strike. However, it is not hard to notice that one important agency is absent in the DHS organization i.e. the federal bureau of investigation.   It is alarming because these two should be closely interlinked because seen as it is they share comm. interest i.e. fighting crime, protection and conducting criminal investigations.   If they could work directly with the departments of Homeland security then perhaps the expertise on fighting insecurity and terrorist attack would be greater. References Department of Homeland Security. About the Department of Homeland Security Retrieved on October 27, 2007 from World Wide Web: https://www.dhs.gov/ FEMA. Introduction to Emergency Management Textbook, FEMA Higher Education Project. Retrieved on October 27, 2007 from World Wide Web: https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/aemrc/booksdownload/fem/ Howard, R.D., James J. Moore J. C. (2005). Homeland Security and Terrorism: Readings and Interpretations. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Kemp R.L. (2003). Homeland Security: Best Practices for Local Government International City/County Management Association. How to cite Managing homeland security, Essay examples

British Army free essay sample

# 1056 ; # 1077 ; # 1092 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1053 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; : British Army 1. Introduction The British Army is the land armed forces subdivision of Her Majesty s Armed Forces in the United Kingdom. It came into being with the fusion of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. It has been managed by the Ministry of Defence since 1963. The British Army consists of 114,240 regular soldiers ( which includes 3,760 Gurkhas ) plus 35,500 Territorial Army soldiers, giving it a sum of around 150,240 soldiers in November 2009. The British Army is the 2nd largest ground forces in the European Union, second merely to the Gallic Army. The full-time component of the British Army has besides been referred to as the Regular Army since the creative activity of the reservist Territorial Force in 1908. The British Army is deployed in many of the universe s war zones as portion of both Expeditionary Forces and in United Nations Peacekeeping forces. The British Army is presently deployed in Kosovo, Cyprus, Germany, Afghanistan and many other topographic points. In contrast to the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, the British Army does non include Royal in its rubric. This is because, historically, British Armies comprised separately raised regiments and corps. The place of the British Army as the Army of Parliament and non the Crown was confirmed by the Bill of Rights of 1689 necessitating Parliamentary Authority to keep a standing ground forces in peacetime. Nevertheless, many of its component Regiments and Corps have been granted the Royal prefix and have members of the Royal Family busying senior places within some regiments. The professional caput of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff, presently Sir David Richards KCB CBE DSO. 2. History The British Army came into being with the amalgamation of the Scots Army and the English Army, following the fusion of the two states parliaments and the creative activity of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated bing English and Scots regiments, and was controlled from London. From about 1763, the United Kingdom has been one of the taking military and economic powers of the universe. The British Empire expanded in this clip to include settlements, associated states, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as holding been critical for the rise of the British Empire, and British laterality of the universe, the British Army played an of import function in colonisation. Typical undertakings included garrisoning the settlements, capturing strategically of import districts, and take parting in actions to lenify colonial boundary lines, supply support to allied authoritiess, suppress Britain s challengers, and protect against foreign powers and hostile indigens. The decease of General Wolfe during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham ; the runs of the Gallic and Indian War resulted in British control of modern Canada. British military personnels besides helped capture strategically of import districts, leting their imperium to spread out throughout the Earth. The ground forces besides involved itself in legion wars meant to lenify the boundary lines, or to prop-up friendly authoritiess, and thereby maintain other, competitory, empires off from the British Empire s boundary lines. Among these actions were the Seven Years War, the American Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian foraies, the Irish War of Independence, its consecutive intercessions into Afghanistan ( which were meant to keep a friendly buffer province between British India and the Russian Empire ) , and the Crimean War ( to ma intain the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey s assistance ) . As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought Spain, France, and the Netherlands for domination in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial aid, the Army conquered New France in the Seven Years War and later suppressed a Native American rebellion in Pontiac s War. The British Army suffered licking in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but keeping on to Canada. The Duke of Wellington s victory over Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 is normally held as one of the British Army s greatest triumphs. The British ground forces was to a great extent involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the ground forces served in Spain, across Europe, and in North Africa. The war between the British and First French Empires stretched around the universe. The British Army eventually came to get the better of Napoleon at one of Britain s greatest military triumphs at the conflict of Waterloo. Under Oliver Cromwell, the English Army had been active in the conquering, and the colony, of Ireland in the 1650s. The Cromwellan run was characterized by its sturdy intervention of the Irish towns ( most notably Drogheda ) that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War. It ( and later, the British Army ) has been about continuously involved in Ireland of all time since, chiefly in stamp downing legion Irish rebellions and runs for self-government. It was faced with the chance of combating Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots colonists in Ireland, who alongside their Irish countrymen had raised their ain voluntary ground forces and threatened to emulate the American settlers if their conditions ( chiefly refering place regulation and freedom of trade ) were non met. The British Army found itself contending Irish Rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, chiefly in Ulster and Leinster ( Wolfe Tone s United Irishmen ) in the 1798 rebellion. The Battle of Rorke s Drift in 1879 saw a little British force repel an overpowering onslaught by Zulu forces ; eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded for the defense mechanism. In add-on to combating the ground forcess of other European Empires ( and of its former settlements, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ) , in the conflict for planetary domination, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion ; Maori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars ; Indian princely forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Indian Mutiny ; the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars ; Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian foraies ; and Irish separationists in the Anglo-Irish War. Following William and Mary s accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance chiefly to forestall a Gallic invasion reconstructing Mary s male parent, James II. Following the 1707 brotherhood of England and Scotland, and the 1801 creative activity of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British foreign policy, on the continent, was to incorporate enlargement by its rival powers such as France and Spain. The territorial aspirations of the Gallic led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. Russian activity led to the Crimean War. British Mark One Tank during World War I. Note the counsel wheels behind the chief organic structure which were subsequently scrapped as they were unneeded. Armored vehicles of this clip still required much foot and heavy weapon support and still do to a lesser extent today The immensely increasing demands of imperial enlargement, and the insufficiencies and inefficiencies of the underfunded, post-Napoleonic Wars British Army, and of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Force, led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late nineteenth century, which gave the British Army its modern form, and redefined its regimental system. The Haldane Reforms of 1907, officially created the Territorial Force as the Army s voluntary modesty constituent. Great Britain s laterality of the universe had been challenged by legion other powers, notably Germany. The UK was allied with France ( by the Entente Cordiale ) and Russia, and when the First World War broke out in 1914, the British Army sent the British Expeditionary Force to France and Belgium to forestall Germany from busying these states. The War would be the most annihilating in British military history, with close 800,000 work forces killed and over 2 million wounded. In the early portion of the war, the professional force of the BEF was decimated and, by bends, a voluntary ( and so conscripted ) force replaced it. Major conflicts included the Battle of the Somme. Progresss in engineering saw coming of the armored combat vehicle, with the creative activity of the Royal Tank Regiment, and progresss in aircraft design, with the creative activity of the Royal Flying Corps, which were to be decisive in future conflicts. Trench warfare dominated scheme on the Western Front, and the usage of chemical and toxicant gases added to the desolation. The Second Battle of El Alamein reversed German aspirations in North Africa, and is frequently cited as one of the turning points of the Second World War. The Second World War broke out in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. British confidences to the Polish led the British Empire to declare war on Germany. Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France, merely to be hurriedly evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940. Merely the Dunkirk emptying saved the full Expeditionary Force from gaining control. Later, nevertheless, the British would hold dramatic success get the better ofing the Italians and Germans at the Battle of El Alamein in North Africa, and in the D-Day invasion of Normandy with the aid of American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand forces. Contrary to popular ( Hollywood influenced ) belief, over half of the Allied soldiers on D-day were British. In the Far East, the British ground forces battled the Japanese in Burma. World War II saw the British ground forces develop its Commando units, the Parachute Regiment and the Special Air Service ( SAS ) . During the war the British ground forces was one of the major combat forces on the allied side. After the terminal of World War II, the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although National Service continued until 1960. This period besides saw the procedure of Decolonization commence with the terminal of the British Raj, and the independency of other settlements in Africa and Asia. Consequently the ground forces s strength was further reduced, in acknowledgment of Britain s decreased function in universe personal businesss, outlined in the 1957 Defence White Paper. This was despite major actions in Korea in 1950 and Suez in 1956. A big force of British military personnels besides remained in Germany, confronting the menace of Soviet invasion. The Cold War saw important technological progresss in warfare, the Army saw more technologically advanced arms systems come into service. Soldiers from the Parachute Regiment guard Argentine captives of war during the Falklands War. Despite the diminution of the British Empire, the Army was still deployed around the universe, contending colonial wars in Aden, Cyprus, Kenya and Malaya. In 1982 the British Army, alongside the Royal Marines, helped to recapture the Falkland Islands during the war against Argentina. In the three decennaries following 1969, the Army was to a great extent deployed in Northern Ireland, to back up the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( subsequently the Police Service of Northern Ireland ) in their struggle with stalwart and republican paramilitary groups, called Operation Banner. The locally-recruited Ulster Defence Regiment was formed, later going the Royal Irish Regiment in 1992. Over 700 soldiers were killed during the Troubles. Following the IRA ceasefires between 1994 and 1996 and since 1997, demilitarization has taken topographic point as portion of the peace procedure, cut downing the military presence from 30,000 to 5,000 military personnels. On 25 June 2007, the Second Battalion Princess of Wales s Royal Regiment vacated the Army composite at Bessbrook Mill in Armagh. This is portion of the normalisation programme in Northern Ireland in response to the IRA s declared terminal to its activities. 3. Recent and current struggles Gulf War The stoping of the Cold War saw a 40 % cut in work force, as outlined in the Options for Change reappraisal. Despite this, the Army has been deployed in an progressively planetary function. In 1991, the United Kingdom was the 2nd largest subscriber to the alliance force that fought Iraq in the Gulf War. The state supplied merely under 50,000 forces and was put in control of Kuwait after it was liberated. 47 British Military forces died during the Gulf War. Balkan mountainss struggles The British Army was deployed to Yugoslavia in 1992. Initially this force formed portion of the United Nations Protection Force. In 1995 bid was transferred to IFOR and so to SFOR. Currently military personnels are under the bid of EUFOR. Over 10,000 military personnels were sent. In 1999 British forces under the bid of SFOR were sent to Kosovo during the struggle at that place. Command was later transferred to KFOR. From 1993 # 8211 ; Present 72 British Military Forces have died on operations in the former Yugoslavian Countries of Bosnia, Kosovo A ; Macedonia. Afghanistan In 2001 the United Kingdom, as a portion of Operation Enduring Freedom with the United States, invaded Afghanistan to tumble the Taliban. The 3rd Division Signal Regiment was deployed in Kabul, to help in the release of the troubled capital. The Royal Marines 3 Commando Brigade ( portion of the Royal Navy but including a figure of Army units ) , besides swept the mountains. The British Army is today concentrating on contending Taliban forces and conveying security to Helmand state. Approximately 9,000 British military personnels ( including Mariness, aviators and crewmans ) are presently in Afghanistan, doing it the 2nd largest force after the US. Around 500 excess British military personnels were deployed in 2009, conveying the British Army deployment sum up to 9,500 ( excepting Special Forces ) . From 2001 23rd Jan 2010 a sum of 250 British military forces have died on operations chiefly in Helmand Province. 37 of these have died of causes other so direct contact from insurrectio nists ; in such ways as accidents or unwellness. Iraq War In 2003, the United Kingdom was a major subscriber to the United States-led invasion of Iraq. There was major dissension amongst the domestic public but the House of Commons voted for the struggle, directing 46,000 army forces to the part, the 2nd largest force after the US. The British Army controlled the southern parts of Iraq and maintained a peace maintaining presence in the metropolis of Basra until their backdown on April 30, 2009. 179 British Military personnal have died on operations in Iraq. Northern Ireland The British Army was ab initio deployed in Northern Ireland in the aftermath of Catholic rioting in Derry and Belfast and to forestall Protestant Loyalist onslaughts on Catholic communities, under Operation Banner between 1969 and 2007 in support of the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) and its replacement, the Police Service of Northern Ireland ( PSNI ) . There has been a steady decrease in the figure of military personnels deployed in Northern Ireland since the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998. In 2005, after the Provisional Irish Republican Army announced an terminal to its armed struggle in Northern Ireland, the British Army dismantled stations and withdrew many military personnels, and restored troop degrees to that of a peace-time fort. Operation Banner ended at midnight on 31 July 2007, doing it the longest uninterrupted deployment in the British Army s history, enduring some 38 old ages. An internal British Army papers released in 2007 stated that the British Army had failed to get the better of the IRA but had made it impossible for them to win through the usage of force. Operation Helvetica replaced Operation Banner in 2007 keeping fewer military mans in a much more benign environment. From 1971 to 1997 a sum of 763 British Military forces were killed during the problems ; 129 were killed in the twelvemonth 1972 alone. A sum of 303 RUC officers were killed in the same clip period. Most late, in March 2009, 2 soldiers and a Police Officer were killed in separate incidents in N. Ireland. 4. Tommy Atkins and other monikers A long established moniker for a British soldier has been Tommy Atkins or Tommy for short. The beginnings are vague but most likely derive from a specimen ground forces signifier circulated by the Adjutant-General Sir Harry Calvert to all units in 1815 where the spaces had been filled in with the specifics of a Private Thomas Atkins, No 6 Company, 23rd Regiment of Foot. German soldiers in both World Wars would normally mention to their British oppositions as Tommy # 8217 ; s. Present- twenty-four hours British soldiers are frequently referred to as Toms or merely Tom. The British Army magazine Soldier has a regular sketch strip, Tom, having the mundane life of a British soldier. Outside of the services, soldiers are by and large known as squaddies by the British popular imperativeness, and the general public.Another moniker which applies merely to soldiers in Scots regiments is Jocks, derived from the fact that in Scotland the common Christian name John is frequently changed to Jock in the slang. Cambrian soldiers are on occasion referred to as Taffy or merely Taff. This may merely use to those from the Taff-Ely Valley in South Wales, where a big part of work forces, left unemployed from the diminution of the coal industry in the country, enlisted during WW I and WW II. Alternatively, it is derived from the supposed Welsh pronounciation of Dafydd the common signifier of Dave or Davey, the frequenter Saint of Wales being Saint David. Irish soldiers are referred to as Paddys or Micks ; this from the yearss when many Irish recruits had the name Patrick or Michael. Junior officers in the ground forces are sometimes known as Prince ruperts by the Other ranks. This moniker is believed to be derived from the kids s amusing book character Rupert Bear who epitomizes traditional public school values. The term Pongo, as in where the ground forces goes, the niff goes , or Perce is frequently used by Sailors and Royal Marines to mention to soldiers. It is non considered complimentary. 5. Today # 8217 ; s Army Statisticss British Army statistics Forces ( Regular Army ) 114,260 ( of which 101,190 are trained ) Forces ( Territorial Army ) 35,500 Main Battle Tanks 446 Challenger 2 Light Tanks 325 FV107 Scimitar Infantry contending vehicles 789 Warrior. 305 Tempest MPV Armored personnel carriers and CVR ( T ) s 3,230 # 8211 ; 4,000+ Land Rover Wolf 15,000 Pinzgauer 2,000 Utility Trucks 2,300 Artillery pieces and howitzers 2,896 Air Defence 337 Aircraft 300+ Current deployments High strength operations State Dates Deployments Detailss Afghanistan 2001- 10,000 military personnels British military personnels have been based in Afghanistan since the US-led invasion at that place in 2001. Presently, under Operation Herrick, the Army maintains military personnels in Camp Souter, Kabul and a brigade on 6-monthly rotary motion in the southern state of Helmand, largely based in Camp Bastion and frontward runing bases. In late 2009, the occupant brigade is 11 Brigade. This brigade has antecedently served Tourss in Afghanistan. In 2009, Secretary of State for Defence Bob Ainsworth announced British troop Numberss in Afghanistan to increase by 500 to a new high of more than 9,500 by late 2009. Low strength operations State Dates Deployments Detailss Cyprus 1960- Two resident foot battalions, Royal Engineers, 16 Flight Army Air Corps and Joint Service Signals Unit at Ayios Nikolaos as a portion of British Forces Cyprus. The UK retains two Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus after the island s independency. The bases serve as forward bases for deployments in the Middle East. British forces are besides deployed individually with UN peacekeeping forces on the island. Principal installations are Alexander Barracks at Dhekelia and Salamanca Barracks at Episkopi. Falkland Islands 1982- An foot company group and an Engineer Squadron. Previously a platoon-sized Royal Marines Naval Party acted as the military presence. After 1982 the fort was enlarged and bolstered with an RAF base at Mount Pleasant on East Falkland. Calpe 1704-1991 One foot battalion, Joint Provost and Security Unit as a portion of British Forces Gibraltar. British Army fort is provided by an autochthonal regiment, the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, which has been on the Army regular constitution since the last British battalion left in 1991. Rest of the Middle East 1990- 3,700 military personnels Since the Gulf War in 1991, the UK has had a considerable military presence in the Middle East. Besides Iraq, there are besides an extra 3,500 military personnels in Saudi Arabia and Camp Beuhring, Kuwait, every bit good as regular preparation Exercises in Oman. Sierra Leone 1999- About 1,000 military personnels The British Army were deployed to Sierra Leone, a former British settlement on Operation Palliser in 1999 to help the authorities in squelching violent rebellions by militiamen, under United Nations declarations. Troops ( Royal Marines ) remain in the part to supply military support and preparation to the Sierra Leonean authorities. Pakistan 2009-2012 24 teachers 24 teachers from the British Army along with 6 American Army forces will be developing Pakistan # 8217 ; s paramilitary Frontier Corps over a period of 3 old ages lt ; Br / gt ; Permanent abroad posters State Dates Deployments Detailss Belize 1940s- British Army Training and Support Unit Belize and 25 Flight Army Air Corps British military personnels have been based in Belize from around late 1940s until 1994. Belize s neighbor, Guatemala claimed the district and there were legion boundary line differences. At the petition of the Belizean authorities, British military personnels remained in Belize after independency in 1981 to supply a defense mechanism force. Brunei 1962- One battalion from the Royal Gurkha Rifles, British Garrison, Training Team Brunei ( TTB ) and 7 Flight Army Air Corps A Gurkha battalion has been maintained in Brunei since the Brunei Revolt in 1962 at the petition of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III. The Training Team Brunei ( TTB ) is the Army s jungle warfare school, while the little figure of fort military personnels support the battalion. 7 Flight Army Air Corps provides chopper support to both the Gurkha battalion and the TTB. Canada 1972- British Army Training Unit Suffield and 29 ( BATUS ) Flight Army Air Corps A preparation Centre in the Alberta prairie which is provided for the usage of British Army and Canadian Forces under understanding with the authorities of Canada. British forces conduct regular, major armoured preparation exercisings here every twelvemonth, with chopper support provided by 29 ( BATUS ) Flight AAC. Germany 1945 1st ( UK ) Armoured Division as portion of British Forces Germany British forces remained in Germany after the terminal of World War II. Forces declined well after the terminal of the Cold War, although the deficiency of adjustment in the UK means forces will go on to be based in Germany. Kenya 2010- British Army Training Unit Kenya The Army has a preparation Centre in Kenya, under understanding with the Kenyan authorities. It provides preparation installations for three foot battalions per twelvemonth. 6. Equipment The basic foot arms of the British Army are the SA80 assault rifle household, with several discrepancies such as the L86A2, the Light Support Weapon ( LSW ) and the short stock discrepancy, issued to tank crews. No sidearm is issued to infantry soldiers. However, some officers and snipers are issued with a sidearm, by and large the Browning L9A1 or the Sig Sauer P226 or the Colt 1911, though a hunt is presently afoot to happen a replacing. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 General Purpose Machine Gun ( GPMG ) ; indirect fire by 51 and 81 millimeter howitzers, every bit good as the UGL, mounted under the barrel of the SA80 rifle. Sniper rifles used include the L96A1 7.62 millimeter, the L115A1 and the AW50F, all produced by Accuracy International. Some units use the L82A1.50 quality Barrett sniper rifle. More late the L128A1 ( Benelli M4 ) combat scattergun has been adopted, and is intended for close quarters combat in Afghanistan. The British Army s Armoured vehicles include Supacat Jackal MWMIK and the Iveco Panther CLV. The Challenger 2 is its chief conflict armored combat vehicle. The Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle is the primary armored forces bearer, although many discrepancies of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance ( tracked ) are used, every bit good as the Saxon APC and FV430 series now being re-engined and uparmoured and returned to look line service as Bulldog. The British Army commonly uses the Land Rover Wolf and Land Rover Defender. The Army uses three chief heavy weapon systems ; the MLRS, AS90 and L118. The MLRS ( Multi Launch Rocket System ) was foremost used operationally in Operation Granby and has a scope of 70 kilometer. The AS-90 is a one hundred fifty-five millimeter automotive gun. The L118 Light Gun is a 105 millimeter towed gun used chiefly in support of 16 Air Assault Brigade, 19 Light Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade ( Royal Marines ) . The Rapier FSC Missile System is the Army s primary battleground air defense mechanism system, widely deployed since the Falklands War ; and the Starstreak HVM ( High Velocity Missile ) is a surface-to-air arm, launched either by a individual soldier or from a vehicle-mounted launcher. The Starstreak fills a similar function to the American FIM-92 Stinger The Army Air Corps ( AAC ) provide direct air power support for the Army, although the RAF besides assist in this function. The primary onslaught chopper is the Westland WAH-64 Apache ; a license-built, modified version of the AH-64 Apache that will replace the Westland Lynx AH7 in the anti-tank function. The Westland Lynx performs several functions including tactical conveyance, armed bodyguard, reconnaissance and emptying. It was besides used in the anti-armour function ; it could transport eight TOW anti-tank missiles. The TOW missile system for the Lynx was withdrawn from service by the MOD in December 2005. The Bell 212 is used as a specialist public-service corporation and conveyance chopper, with a crew of two and a conveyance capacity of 12 military personnels. The Westland Gazelle chopper is a light chopper, chiefly used for battlefield reconnaissance and control of heavy weapon and aircraft. The Eurocopter AS 365N Dauphin is used for Particular Operations Aviation, along with the Gazelle. The Britten-Norman Islander is a light aircraft used for airborne reconnaissance and bid. 7. Formation and construction The construction of the British Army is complex, due to the different beginnings of its assorted component parts. It is loosely split into the Regular Army ( full-time soldiers and units ) and the Territorial Army ( parttime soldiers and units ) . In footings of its military construction, it has two parallel administrations, one administrative and one operational. Administrative -Divisions administering all military units, both Regular and TA, within a geographical country ( e.g. , 5 Div. based in Shrewsbury ) . -Brigade in a non contending capacity ( e.g. , 43 ( Wessex ) Brigade based in Bulford ) . Operational The major operational bid is Headquarters Land Forces ( integrating Land Command and Headquarters Adjutant General ) . Corps made up of two or more divisions ( now unlikely to be deployed as a purely national formation due to the size of the British Army ) ; e.g. , the ARRC. -Division made up of two or three brigades with an HQ component and support military personnels. Commanded by a Major-General. -Brigade made up of between three and five battalions, an HQ component and associated support military personnels. Commanded by a Brigadier. -Battalion of about 700 soldiers, made up of five companies commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel, or -Battlegroup. This is a assorted formation of armor, foot, heavy weapon, applied scientists and back up units, and its construction is task specific. It is formed around the nucleus of either an armored regiment or foot battalion, and has other units added or removed from it as necessary. A battlegroup will typically dwell of between 600 and 700 soldiers under the bid of a Lieutenant Colonel. -Company of about 100 soldiers, typically in three platoons, commanded by a Major. -Platoon of about 30 soldiers, commanded by a Second Lieutenant, Lieutenant or, for specialist platoons such as recco or anti-tank, a Captain. -Section of approximately 8 to 10 soldiers, commanded by a Corporal. A figure of elements of the British Army usage option footings for battalion, company and platoon. These include the Royal Armoured Corps, Corps of Royal Engineers, Royal Logistic Corps, and the Royal Corps of Signals who use regiment ( battalion ) , squadron ( company ) and troop ( platoon ) . The Royal Artillery are alone in utilizing the term regiment in topographic point of both corps and battalion, they besides replace company with battery and platoon with troop. Divisions The British Army presently has 6 divisions with two ( 1st Armoured Division and 3rd Infantry Division ) being deployable. Name Headquarterss Fractional monetary units 1st Armoured Division Herford, Germany 3 Armoured or Mechanised Brigades. 2nd Infantry Division Craigiehall, near Edinburgh Four regional brigades. 3rd Infantry Division Bulford, Salisbury Two mechanised brigades, one visible radiation brigade and one foot brigade. 4th Infantry Division Aldershot Three regional brigades. 5th Infantry Division Shrewsbury Three regional brigades, one air assault brigade and Colchester Garrison. 6th Infantry Division York Deployable divisional HQ. Created to back up the UK s rotational bid of HQ Regional Command South. Aviation constituents The British Army operates alongside the Royal Air Force as portion of a Joint Force, but the ground forces besides has its ain Army Air Corps. 8. Particular forces The British Army contributes two of the three particular forces formations within the United Kingdom Special Forces Command ; the Special Air Service Regiment and the Particular Reconnaissance Regiment. The most celebrated formation is the Special Air Service Regiment. Formed in 1941, the SAS is considered the function theoretical account for many other particular forces units in the universe. The SAS comprises one regular Regiment and two Territorial Army Regiments. The regular Regiment, 22 SAS, has its central offices and terminal located in Hereford and consists of five squadrons: A, B, D, G and Reserve with a preparation wing. The regiment has battlespace functions in deep reconnaissance, mark designation and indicant and mark devastation and denial. The two modesty SAS Regiments ; 21 SAS and 23 SAS have a more limited function, to supply deepness to the UKSF group through the proviso of Individual and corporate augmentation to the regular constituent of UKSF and standalone elements up to task group ( Regimental ) degree focused on support and influence ( S A ; I ) operations to help conflict stabilization. The Particular Reconnaissance Regiment ( SRR ) which was formed in 2005, from bing assets, undertakes near reconnaissance and particular surveillance, undertakings. Formed around 1st Battalion the Parachute Regiment, with affiliated Royal Marines and RAF Regiment assets, the Particular Forces Support Group are under the Operational Control of Director Special Forces to supply operational tactic support to the elements of United Kingdom Special Forces. 9. Recruitment The Army chiefly recruits within the United Kingdom, it usually has a recruitment mark of around 25,000 soldiers per twelvemonth. Low unemployment in Britain has resulted in the Army holding trouble in run intoing its mark, in the early old ages of the twenty-first century there has been a pronounced addition in the figure of recruits from other ( largely Commonwealth ) states. In 2008 Commonwealth beginning voluntaries comprised about 6.7 % of the Army s entire strength. In entire 6,600 foreign soldiers from 42 states were represented in the Army, non including Gurkhas. After the Gurkhas ( who are from Nepal ) , the state with most citizens in the British Army is Fiji, with 2,185, followed by Jamaica and Ghana with 600 each ; many soldiers besides come from more comfortable states such as New Zealand, South Africa and the Republic of Ireland. The Ministry of Defence now caps the figure of recruits from Commonwealth states, although this will non impact the Gurkhas. If the tendency continues 10 % of the ground forces will be from Commonwealth states before 2012. The cap is in topographic point as some fear the ground forces s British character is being diluted, and using excessively many could do the ground forces seen as using soldier of fortunes. The minimal enlisting age is 16 old ages ( after the terminal of GCSEs ) , although soldiers may non function on operations below 18 old ages ; the maximal recruitment age was raised in January 2007 from 26 to 33 old ages. The normal term of battle is 22 old ages, and, one time enlisted, soldiers are non usually permitted to go forth until they have served at least 4 old ages. There has been a strong and go oning tradition of enrolling from Ireland including what is now the Republic of Ireland. Almost 150,000 Irish soldiers fought in the First World War ; 49,000 died. More than 60,000 Irishmans, more than from Northern Ireland, besides saw action in the Second World War ; like their compatriots in the Great War, all were voluntaries. There were more than 400 work forces functioning from the Republic in 2003. 10. Curse of commitment All soldiers must take an curse of commitment upon fall ining the Army, a procedure known as attestation. Those who believe in God use the undermentioned words: I ( your name ) , swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true commitment to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, her inheritors and replacements and that I will every bit in responsibility edge candidly and dependably support Her Majesty, her inheritors and replacements in individual, Crown and self-respect against all enemies and will detect and obey all orders of Her Majesty, her inheritors and replacements and of the generals and officers set over me. Others replace the words swear by Almighty God with solemnly, unfeignedly and genuinely declare and affirm . 11. Training constitutions -Royal Military Academy Sandhurst ( RMAS ) is the officer preparation constitution. All officers, regular and modesty, go to RMAS at some point in their preparation. -Army Training Regiments: -ATR Bassingbourn -ATR Winchester -ATC Pirbright -Infantry Training Centres: -ITC Catterick -Infantry Battle School, Brecon -Support Weapons School, Warminster -Army Foundation College ( Harrogate ) -Regional preparation Centres -Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College 12. Flags and ensigns he non-ceremonial flag of the British Army. Sometimes the word Army in gold letters appears below the badge.The British Army does non hold its ain specific ensign, unlike the Royal Navy, which uses the White Ensign, and the RAF, which uses the Royal Air Force Ensign. Alternatively, the Army has different flags and ensigns, for the full ground forces and the different regiments and corps. The official flag of the Army as a whole is the Union Flag, flown in a ratio of 3:5. A non-ceremonial flag besides exists, which is used at enrolling events, military events and exhibitions. It besides flies from the MOD edifice in Whitehall. Whilst at war, the Union Flag is ever used, and this flag represents the Army on the Cenotaph in Whitehall, London ( the UK s memorial to its war dead ) . A British Army ensign besides exists for vass commanded by a commissioned officer, the Blue Ensign defaced with the Army badge. Army Vessels are operated by the Maritime component of the Royal Logistic Corps. Each Foot Guards and line regiment ( which does non include The Rifles and Royal Gurkha Rifles ( RGR ) ) besides has its ain flags, known as Colours # 8212 ; usually a Regimental Colour and a Queen s Colour. The design of different Regimental Colours. vary but typically the coloring material has the Regiment s badge in the Centre. The RGR carry the Queen s Truncheon in topographic point of Colours. 13. Ranks, specialisms and insignia NATO Code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF ( D ) Student Officer United Kingdom Field Marshal1 General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier Colonels Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant No Equivalent Officer Cadet Abbreviation Frequency modulation Gen Lt Gen Maj Gen Brig Col Lt Col Maj Capt Lt 2nd Lt 1Now an honorary or wartime rank merely. NATO Code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1 United Kingdom Warrant Officer Class One ( Conductor ) Warrant Officer Class One Warrant Officer Class Two ( Quartermaster Sergeant ) Warrant Officer Class Two ( Sergeant Major ) Staff Sergeant/ Colour Sergeant Sergeant No Equivalent Corporal/ Bombardier Lance-Corporal/ Lance-Bombardier No Insignia Private/regimental equivalent Every regiment and corps has its ain typical insignia, such as cap badge, beret, tactical acknowledgment flash and stable belt. Throughout the ground forces there are many official specialisms. They do non impact rank, but they do affect pay sets. Band 2 Specialisms: Band 3 Specialisms: Musician Survey Technician Farrier Lab Technician Driver Tank Transporter Registered General Nurse Radar Operator Telecom Op ( Special ) Meteorologist Aircraft Technician Bomb Disposal Engineer SAS Trooper Telecom Op ( Linguist ) Ammunition Technician ( Bomb Disposal ) Operator Particular Intelligence Construction Materials Technician Driver Specialist Armoured Engineer 14. Royal Navy and RAF land units The other armed services have their ain foot units which are non portion of the British Army. The Royal Marines are amphibian light foot organizing portion of the Naval Service, and the Royal Air Force has the RAF Regiment used for airfield defense mechanism, force protection responsibilities and Forward Air Control. 15. Abroad Territories military units Numerous military units were raised historically in British districts, including self-governing and Crown settlements, and associated states. Few of these have appeared on the Army List, and their relationship to the British Army has been equivocal. Whereas Dominions, such as Canada and Australia, raised their ain ground forcess, the defense mechanism of Crown ownerships ( like the Channel Islands ) , and settlements ( now called Overseas Territories ) was, and is, the duty of the UK ( due to their position as districts of Britain, non British associated states ) . All military forces of abroad districts are, hence, under the direct bid of the UK Government, via the local Governor and Commander-In-Chief. Many of the units in settlements, or former settlements, were besides really formed at the behest of the UK Government as it sought to cut down the deployment of the British Army on garrison responsibilities around the universe at the latter terminal of the nineteenth century. Today, three abroad districts retain locally-raised military units, Bermuda, Gibraltar, and the Falkland Islands. The units are patterned on the British Army, are capable to reexamine by the Ministry of Defence, and are finally under the control of the British authorities, non the local authoritiess of the districts ( though daily control may be delegated to Curates of the territorial authoritiess ) . Despite this, the units may hold no tasking or support from the MOD, and are by and large raised under Acts of the Apostless of the territorial assemblies. -Bermuda Regiment -Royal Gibraltar Regiment -Falkland Islands Defence Force 16. Decision The British Army was formed in 1707 with the fusion of England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Throughout history it has seen action in about every corner of the Earth, and employs soldiers from many different countries of the commonwealth including Australia, India, Ghana, South Africa, the Republic of Ireland and the celebrated Nepalese Gurkhas. There are about 100,000 regular forces and 26,000 territorial ground forces soldiers presently deployed as portion of the British Expeditionary Force and as United Nations peacekeepers in many states worldwide, including Cyprus, Iraq, Afghanistan, the Balkans and Germany. The British Army has ever been at the cutting border of military engineering, and presently uses some of the most hi-tech and effectual equipment available including state-of-the-art Challenger 2 conflict armored combat vehicles, WAH-64D Apache gunship choppers and the much improved SA80A2 Rifle. 17. Bibliography 1. Charles Heyman, Armed Forces of the United Kingdom . 2. ED Griffin, Encyclopedia Modern British Army Regime 3. Carver, M. , The Seven Ages of the British Army 4. General H. Landlois, The British Army in a European war

The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing Essay Example

The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing Paper Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Draft) Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Peter Mell Timothy Grance NIST Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Draft) Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Peter Mell Timothy Grance C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 January 2011 U. S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Dr. Patrick D. Gallagher, Director Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U. S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) 7 pages (January. 2011) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. ii Acknowledgements We will write a custom essay sample on The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The authors Peter Mell and Timothy Grance of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) would like to thank the many experts in industry and government who contributed their thoughts to the creation and review of this definition. We especially acknowledge Murugiah Souppaya and Lee Badger, also of NIST, whose advice and technical insight assisted this effort. Additional acknowledgements will be added upon the final publication of this guideline. iii 1. 1. 1 Introduction Authority The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed this document in furtherance of its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, Public Law 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets; but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Section 8b(3), â€Å"Securing Agency Information Systems,† as analyzed in A-130, Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Sections. Supplemental information is provided in A-130, Appendix III. This guideline has been prepared for use by Federal agencies. It may be used by nongovernmental organizations on a voluntary basis and is not subject to copyright, though attribution is desired. Nothing in this document should be taken to contradict standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on Federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority, nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the OMB, or any other Federal official. 1. 2 Purpose and Scope The purpose of this publication is to provide the NIST definition of cloud computing. NIST intends this informal definition to enhance and inform the public debate on cloud computing. Cloud computing is still an evolving paradigm. Its definition, use cases, underlying technologies, issues, risks, and benefits will be refined and better understood with a spirited debate by the public and private sectors. This definition, its attributes, characteristics, and underlying rationale will evolve over time. 1. 3 Audience The intended audience is people adopting the cloud computing model or providing cloud services. 2. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e. g. , networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. Essential Characteristics: On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider. Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e. g. , mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e. g. , country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out, and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. Measured Service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability1 at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e. g. , storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. Service Models: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e. g. , web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 1 Typically through a pay-per-use business model. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of s elect networking components (e. g. , host firewalls). Deployment Models: Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e. g. , mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e. g. , cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 3

American dream amer Essay example

American dream amer Essay example American dream amer Essay example Raven Des Jardins H. American Lit essay 8/22/14 My Antonia vs. American Dream Willa Cather's My Antonia tells the story of Antonia Shimerda, a Bohemian immigrant growing up in early twentieth-century rural Nebraska. The story is told through the perspective of a boy named Jim Burden, in the form of a memoir featuring random memories having to do with Antonia. To Jim, Antonia is the symbol of his youth. He sees her as full of energy and life, and is perhaps drawn to her because of this, to fill a gap in his quiet, observational personality. The story focuses on Antonia, and her struggles as an immigrant woman struggling to balance her goal to get as much out of life with the poverty she is caught in. Antonia's family emigrates to Nebraska from their country Bohemia and buys a small homestead for an exorbitant price, and only knows one person in the country who speaks their language. Her family has almost nothing, and the first we are told of the Shimerdas is: "They can't any of them speak English, except one little girl, and a ll she can say is 'We go to Black Hawk, Nebraska.'" (18). Antonia, however, sets out to learn with a vengeance. She devours knowledge during English lessons from Jim, and the two form a friendship. Her life was apparently not meant to be easy, however. Antonia had always been close with her father, and, following his suicide, she is devastated. It had been a difficult winter for the family, and without her father the family is rudderless. Antonia's older brother, Ambrosch took over for the family, and instead of going to the nearby country school, Antonia worked in the fields with her brother. She lamented this loss of education, for her father had had quite a bit of higher education and Antonia looked up to him even after his death. She continued to try her hardest to impress her brother though, and to do as much labor as she can. She quickly becomes boastful about her farming skills, and the muscle she has built. She seems to have lost her vivacious charm that was so entr ancing to Jim when he first met her, and during a visit to Jim's, he asks her why she is always trying to be someone other than herself. Antonia, just a teenager, replies "If I live here, like you, that is different. Things will be easy for you. But they will be hard for us." (124). At her young age Antonia already knows the challenges of being European immigrants in the newly settled country, equality is something she knows she will never have fully. The American Dream may be an image everyone has in their heads, but for some it is harder to achieve than others, even impossible due to prejudices. Antonia has lived in America only for several years and already been a firsthand witness to this injustice. The tale of Antonia continues through Jim's high school career, when his family moves into the nearby town so that Jim can have an education. The same year, the Shimerdas can no longer feed themselves, and so Antonia is sent to work as a hired girl and send her wages back to h er family. The house that hires Antonia is coincidentally next to Jim's new house, and so the saga continues. Conflict arises when Antonia begins to frequent the dancing halls. Though she is considered rough by many of the more refined townsfolk, she develops a passion for dancing and takes every opportunity she can get to go, and this upsets the people that have hired her as a live-in servant girl. The problem is that Antonia's dancing with many different partners has given her a reputation, and the family felt as though it would come back to them negatively. Rather than quit, Antonia goes to work for another house that doesn't care. Even when faced with resistance, Antonia chooses to follow the path she wishes, embodying

10 Tips on How to Make an Author Website (+ Bonus Checklist)

10 Tips on How to Make an Author Website (+ Bonus Checklist) 10 Tips on How to Make an Author Website (+ Bonus Checklist) In today’s competitive book market, making an author website that helps you sell more books and build your profile requires more than just a Blogspot page and a domain with your name in it. In this article, we’ve worked with experienced Reedsy web designers to whittle down ten top tips that will help you build the perfect author website.The first five tips are things that your site needs: pieces of advice that you cannot afford to ignore.Once you take those on board, we have five more tips that will make your site stand out from the crowd, helping you achieve your goals which are, if you’ve already forgotten, to sell more books and build your profile. And to finish up, we have a free checklist that you can download to make sure that your own website is up to scratch.Ready?How to Make an Author  Website 101: Five Essential Tips1. Make it easy for visitors to buy your bookâ€Å"I see so many author websites forget one of the most crucial elements: purchase links to major retailers,† says Jeremiah Tolbert, a designer who creates sites for bestselling authors like Michael Connolly. â€Å"Ostensibly, one of the driving goals behind an author website is to help sell your books, so not presenting purchase links to the major retailers in a structured, well-ordered way is costing you sales.†Liam Fitzgerald agrees. He’s a professional designer whose portfolio includes sites for Anthony Horowitz, Eoin Colfer, and Darren Shan.   He adds the caveat that you need not link to every retailer under the sun.â€Å"You should have a maximum of three retailers and allow the reader to choose the format at point of purchase. If you provide too many options, this could easily result in buyer paralysis and non-sale.†One clever hack to consider is the Universal Link from Books2Read. It’s a great (and, importantly, free) tool that directs readers to your book’s page on their preferred retailer with just a single link.2. T ell people who you are and where to find you Recommended resources:11 Author Websites That Get it Right: a post analyzing 11  famous author websites to offer some invaluable takeaways.Author Website Design Inspiration: more advice on author websites, looking at how they can turn your readers into lifetime fans.What are your favorite author websites out there? What other tips would you add to this list? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below!

Analysis of Fund Management in China Research Paper

Analysis of Fund Management in China - Research Paper Example    Therefore, retail investment funds are a type of mutual funds where various individuals pool their asset together in order to access investment opportunities that would not be obtainable to them. Retail investment funds in China Retail investment funds have gained popularity in the emerging market because in the fifteen years ago few people were unaware of the existence of the retail investment funds (Jeffrey, 2010). Individuals could not purchase listed securities in the market because extremely few countries had the stock market and others had relatively little trading. Fund management is the management of financial assets on behalf of a client that involves the selection, buying and selling of financial assets. Meanwhile, it involves the collection and re-investment of any income from assets that deals with any certificates and paperwork (Fraser, 2011, 87). The Retail Investment Funds involve offering details of the performance of the fund to the client that involves both ret ail and wholesale.   Over the past 20 years, the retail investment retail has promoted the fund's sector in emerging markets by working closely with institutional investors, investment banks and the government regulators. Mangal and Sunil (2011, P. 190) indicate that the retail funds play a key role in mobilizing large volumes of private capital for equity investment in the stock markets and stimulate the growth of securities market in China. Meanwhile, they assist in improving small and medium-sized corporate to access external equity and get management advice. The retail investment development and opportunities are gradually spreading to most of the population in China that attaches great significance in building real estate. According to Swati (2005, 56), the global recession affected China’s economy severely, but China is creating a favorable environment for retail funds investment schemes. Recently, Chinese people stand in line to purchase retail funds, but as the numb er of retail funds increase, the situation changes.  Ã‚  

Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumerism - Essay Example Part of the problem is the â€Å"image† that we are expected to portray. Most people subscribe to the theory, â€Å"if everyone else is buying it, then I want that too.† If one of your friends went out and bought a new Ferrari, even though he already owned four cars, then you would inevitably feel envy towards him. Society would demand that you went and did exactly the same thing because you cannot look â€Å"out of place.† Broken down, consumerism basically is correlated with social standing. If you are of a certain social class, then specific lifestyle choices are expected of you. Take for instance our neighborhood friend who is making not much more than the minimum wage. She is a teenager so there are always expectations that she is cool enough for her peers. Peer pressure plays an enormous part in consumer spending. Our teenage neighbor makes only $8 per hour, which is barely enough to survive; yet she is spending hundreds of dollars on Gucci shoes and Prada bags. We must ask ourselves why she feels the need to be extravagant when she can’t afford it. The reason for this is twofold: (1) she has to uphold an acceptable image to her peers and (2) she is constantly being bombarded with advertising telling her that her life would be incomplete without a certain product. Advertisers generally use famous people to help promote their products because the regular consumer looks up to them as a role model. Our neighborhood friend is no different from the rest of us—she feels pressured to live a lifestyle that is perceived bring happiness in our lives. The problem with consumerism is that it increases the gap between the rich and the poor. According to the World Bank, the richest 10% of people on earth account for over half the total consumption. On the other hand, the poorest 10% only contribute less than 1% towards the global total. Consumerism is contributing to the breakdown of societies as

Emotions & the monster Essay Example for Free

Emotions the monster Essay Acceptance is very important in society, and the same perceptions apply just as much today as they did in the 1800s. It is part of human nature to make instant judgments, and to form first impressions of a person before you know what they are really like, and this is what happened to Frankensteins monster in this book. Although it is almost impossible to avoid making these snap decisions, they can almost always be changed later on, and put right once you get to know the person. Everyone wants to be accepted for who they are, regardless of appearances or stature, however this is not always the case. This can be related to the treatment the monster receives upon meeting other people. He is not the norm, and is undoubtedly ugly to look at, but that does not make him a bad person. Shelley manages to show this in such a way that the reader feels sorry for the monster, but we can see that it is something that is unlikely to change, as it is a normal part of society and human nature. Shelley shows her disgust at this harsh treatment through the monsters feelings, which are shared with Victor later on in the book, and it is as if the author is pouring out her emotions, rather than the monsters. The hideous figure, the disfigured stature of this monster is the first thing noticed by Victor Frankenstein. His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles. This reference to the monsters yellow skin depicts the same behaviour conducted in modern day racism. The colour of ones skin does not dictate the intelligence, attitude and personality of a person. Regardless of the yellow skin of the monster, which would repulse and overwhelm most people, there is no need to carry over that emotion to judge the monsters intellectual side. The mind and body are two very different things; human beings have yet to distinguish that fact. Mary Shelley clearly feels very strongly about this unfair prejudice in place in society, and has tried (very successfully) to show her readers just how unjust it really is. However, until people actually do something about it, it is just a part of society which we will probably never be entirely without. We may feel that it is wrong, but it will always be there, and it is something people have learnt to deal with in society. The novel, Frankenstein, actually reflects quite badly on the society in which Mary Shelley lived. It suggests that this type of behaviour was carrying on back then towards different people and was accepted as part of every day life. Humans have always and will continue to be scared of the unknown. Some might say that what you dont know about cant hurt you, but there is a sense of mystery and darkness behind unidentified things. This fear is ever increasing alongside the amount of horror films and novels, by which the general public is heavily influenced maybe sometimes too heavily. The public has always been influenced by the media, which is created by society, and with an increasing amount of stories and films out with the intention of scaring the audience, people are getting more and more prejudiced towards the unknown. Luckily this is counteracted by an increasing knowledge of other cultures and races, but Shelley lived in a society where people were still very ignorant about other people, and automatically assumed the worst. Although it is not shown outright, in Frankenstein, the monster actually experiences this fear as well as the villagers when he comes into their town. Their fears were of the same thing the unfamiliar; however their reactions were completely different. Some villagers threw rocks, and were trying to drive the monster away as if it was a worthless piece of society; others simply ran away in shock, screaming and scared. This is not justified by anything except his demeanor. The monster, on the other hand, did not reply in a violent manner at all, he just tried to hide from all people from then on. This just goes to show how much people are affected by small things in their life. One incident such as this could ruin an entire life, and the villagers did not realise just how selfish they were being. They did not think about his feelings, and left him to support himself, poor and defenseless. The public do not realise how much little things they may pass off as unimportant affect others, and in this case, society ruined the monsters life. From that moment and for the rest of his existence, the monster knew not to interfere with human beings, for their nature was clearly different to his. The monster, like all human beings, wanted to be accepted for his intellectual abilities and personality, and both him and humans have it in their nature to be afraid of the unknown, yet the villagers had an unmistakable advantage over the monster the monster was still innocent and nai ve, unsure of the world around him and ignorant of human nature. He was not accepted by anyone, purely because of his appearance. This fact is obvious as no one as yet had even had the chance to get to know the monsters personality, not even the monster himself had had this opportunity, because he could not speak and did not know anything about society. Therefore human nature plays an incredibly important role in the novel, because without it the villagers would probably have accepted the monster, and he would never have turned out how he did.

Northern Humanism, Renaissance, and Late Mannerism Essay -- Architectu

During the sixteenth century, Europe was undergoing changes and developing two artistic styles, as well as a religious situation. These styles were known as the Northern Renaissance and late mannerism, also encountered by Reformation, which separated religious unity. During the Reformation, hostile groups known as Protestants were formed against the church because they wanted a complete renovation of the church and Roman Catholics. Late mannerism emerged at the end of the century and had little influence on Spanish literature, but overruled Spanish painting. Late mannerism also had a dominant impact of the Counter-Reformation on arts, architecture, and music. After Europe passed through the disastrous ‘age of darkness’, there were complete changes of methods and social conditions. These revolutionary changes happened between the 14th and the 16th century, and signaled the beginning of the ‘Modern Age’ of Europe. This significant revolution, known as ‘The Renaissance’, was begun in Florence, Northern Italy, because Italy was located in a geographically strategic location, where the center of trade existed. Since there were a great number of merchants and people from other continents passing through the Mediterranean, Italy started to become a place where people shared their ideas without being prejudiced. However, the Renaissance in fact, also brought a lot of substitutions, which first covered all of Italy and brought Europe to the beginning of the Golden Age. These changes occurred in the economy and lifestyle, in the attitude to learning and knowledge, and in the conditions for the Arts. Northern Humanism, or Christian humanism, was known for its contributions to the Renaissance with idealism, rationalism, and classic... ...e of the most incredible philosophers, artists, and architects emerged. With the expansion of civilization and economic growth, the changes in how the culture grew aided to the changes in how many reflected religion and art. As a final mark, the Renaissance created advancement from the Middle Ages and provided a positive cultural change that expanded intellectual need. Works Cited http://library.thinkquest.org. n.d. 26 April 2012. http://totallyhistory.com/raphael-sanzio/. n.d. 26 April 2012. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/itar/hd_itar.htm. n.d. 23 April 2012. http://www.micahelangelo.com. n.d. 26 April 2012. http://www.sacred-destinations.com. n.d. 26 April 2012. http://www.sandrobotticelli.net/biography.html. n.d. 26 April 2012. Matthews, Roy, DeWitt F Platt and Thomas Noble. The Western Humanities. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Martin Luther King -Research Paper Essay

ABSTRACT Countless individuals have been leaders for racial justice throughout history. Some are well known and some will never be known. The individuals here are neither the most important nor the best known; they are simply some representative figures that we have chosen in hopes that their stories may inspire others. Most of the individuals listed here were active in the United States, but the movement against racism is world-wide. There were many leaders in the civil rights struggle, but Martin Luther King was more than just the most conspicuous and eloquent among them. The present paper is an attempt to look into the social struggle backed by intense racial discrimination. The paper will also try to understand the role and contribution of great leaders towards the eradication and liberation of racial inequality. This paper is an attempt to analyze the role of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his struggle for a more liberal society specifically for the black community. INTRODUCTION Time and again great people have taken birth on planet to safeguard human lives from devastation, both, natural and manmade. Many social evils have taken a heavy toll and have cost human lives. The most afflicting was untouchability practiced in India. In the similar time frame the world saw slavery and the racial tensions between the black and the whites. A few leaders that emerged as an icon in history and contributed in the eradication of racism are: Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln, John F Kennedy, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, Martin Luther King Jr.,Mother Teresa and a few more to name. Most of the individuals listed here were active in the United States, but the movement against racism is world-wide. What would the Civil Rights Movement be without the brave men and women who fought for equal rights? These leaders dedicated their lives to ending slavery, segregation, and unfair treatment. One such person who rose as a national icon in the history of modern American liber alism, an African American civil rights leader and is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience is â€Å"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.† For his contribution in the context of non-violence struggle he was titled as the ‘American Gandhi’. Martin Luther King previously known as Michael Luther was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in the year of 1929. He was brought up in a religious home, his father was a pastor. Martin followed in his dad’s footsteps and was ordained and became a minister of a Baptist church in the city Montgomery, Alabama. Montgomery was a place of great racism in the South. Dr. King saw this racism and felt something needed to be done. As for him being the newly elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). He felt he needed to do something, so in 1955, December 1, when Rosa Parks didn’t give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger and was arrested. Martin made the decision to organize a boycott against the bus transportation. This is where the great leadership that Martin Luther King Jr. started. Although King was only thirty-nine at the time of his death, his life was remarkable for the ways it reflected and inspired so many of the twentieth century’s major intellectual, cultural, and political developments. This paper will try to elaborate on, King, as a personality, the influence of Gandhi’s ideologies on his life, his achievements as an Orator by analyzing few of the many speeches delivered by him and How effective he was as a leader? METHODOLOGY A lot of literature has already been written on this subject. Much of it has been dismissed considering the fact that no appropriate evidences were collected. (However, the present paper is an attempt to understand, evaluate and analyze the contribution made by Dr. Martin Luther King to eradicate the evils of racial inequality. Great leaders have discussed and debated their views in symposia held from time to time, many of which have also appeared in several publications. Over the last thirty years, considerable volume of literature has grown on the subject of racial inequality and some of the salient opinions expressed by various leaders are presented. Primary and Secondary sources will be used during this research. Books, articles in journals and certain websites will be used as secondary sources. This research will be predominantly ‘narrative’ and ‘analytical’ in nature. This paper is also a modest attempt to fill in the gap of what has already been written and the global understanding of this issue. Primary Sources have been collected from: http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/4758 DISCUSSION This discussion includes three main aspects of King’s personality i.e. King as a Leader, King As an orator and his famous I have a dream speech and the influence of Gandhi’s ideologies on King’s life. ‘KING AS A LEADER’ What defines an excellent leader? Is Leadership someone that can think creatively or can solve problems? Is a leader someone that knows what it takes to be a leader and to lead a group, or is it someone that sets goals for themselves and/or for the group. One could ponder these questions for a very long time but there is no true definition for leader or leadership. But you can look at people and decide if they are a good leader, by what outcomes they arrive at, the way they inspire people, and the qualities that they poses. All of these aspects are in one of the greatest leaders of all times and that would be, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. This man is one to be admired and sought to be like. The leadership that King shows is, not to be afraid of anything, to stand up for your people, to stand up for the right of your people, and lastly to fight with nonviolence for your people. King took action against segregation from that day, to his death. By taking action I mean that he formed many organizations one of which was Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which allowed him to pursue other civil rights activities. This grew to be nationwide and allowed Martin L. King to help his people through his leadership skills. He set goals for himself and for his people. The goals he set for himself was that† I will not rest until all black men, women, children are free of segregation†. Which meant he would not rest until all his people were free and would do anything to help them have their freedom? The goals he set for his people were of independence, desegregation, and to have their freedom. By setting these goals it shows that King is a great leader. I feel you have to set goals to accomplish your task. By him setting these goals everyone is on the same track, and the people are looking to achieve the same goals and dreams. Which he showed his dreams when he gave the speech at Washington â€Å"The I Have a Dream† speech. Martin Luther King shows great leadership by his demonstrations of non-violence acts all of his organizations all the speeches he gave and all the letters he wrote . Through this it shows he is a man of intelligence, determination, also integrity. I say intelligence because in his demonstrations, if he would have fought back he and many others would have been killed or seriously injured and it would be his fault and he would have let his people down. So by using his brain he was able to show that the use of violence would result in violence. Not the fact that the demonstration was about the Civil Rights and the desegregation of Blacks. He also showed his intelligence by the letters and the speeches he wrote. The one that was the most inspirational was the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech which is elaborated in the later part of this discussion. This speech touched so many people. It changed the way many people thought about blacks. With the words of Martin Luther King he helped to get desegregation in the Southern states of Mississippi, Alabama, Carolina, Georgia etc just throw his leadership skills and his motivational words that ring till this day. King showed his determination through getting thrown in jail, being hit wi th sticks, fists, and being called a â€Å"Niger†. All of which hurt him but he would not let that stop him from getting his people free using non-violence and He did not want to show he was scared of the white community he wanted to show his people no fear. So he faced these obstacles head on and didn’t back down. He showed his dedication and determination to achieve his goals and the goals of his people and to show no fear, and to make his people feel no fear in the white community. By this Blacks became unafraid of white and helped them get there desegregation. Martin showed his integrity by taking responsibility for his actions, shown by him going to jail and by him being beat up or even killed. This man inspires confidence in others because he can be trusted to do what he says he will do. King says he will fight until freedom rings that mean that he will fight till freedom rings, in which he did. He showed the most integrity when he was killed. He showed that he would give is life to have desegregation and to have his peo ple have their freedom from all whites. ‘INFLUENCE OF GANDHI ON KING’S LIFE’ An event that played as an integral part of his life was his visit to India in 1959 as he increased his understanding of Gandhian ideas during his month-long visit sponsored by the American Friends Service Committee. With Coretta and MIA historian Lawrence D. Reddick in tow, King meet with many Indian leaders, including Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Writing after his return, King stated, â€Å"I left India more convinced than ever before that non-violent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for freedom† Is it true that much of Martin Luther King’s success resulted from the passive resistance techniques proposed by Mahatma Gandhi? The answer is Yes, Both Gandhi and Martin Luther King used passive resistance to fight for social justice and equality but their individual use of it varies immensely. In the early 1900s, Gandhi inspired a successful nonviolence movement to end the British Raj in India. Gandhi strongly believed that nonviolence or Satyagraha was the most influential way to fight unjust laws and discrimination. Following Gandhi’s movement, in the late 1950s and 1960s was a similar movement sparked by Martin Luther King, Jr. King mimicked Gandhi’s utilization of Gandhi’s nonviolence for the purpose of liberating the discriminated black community in America. The most potent difference between the two leaders was their cause for employing nonviolence and the unforgiving situations and opposers they fought. In Gandhi’s era, he was battling the minority, but brutal force of the British Empire, but King fought the racial injustice and inequality that plagued American society, lurking on every street corner. Both tasks are no easy feat, but time and time again, one sees the tactic of nonviolence defeating even the most noble militia. Although King’s use of nonviolence is very similar to Gandhi’s, there are a few critical differences in how Gandhi executed Satyagraha compared to Dr. King’s use of adopted nonviolence because of the difference in situa tions that they were faced with. Since many of King’s tactics were based on Gandhi’s, the two influential leaders shared a very similar viewpoint on nonviolent resistance including the use of tactics such as civil disobedience and noncooperation. Both leaders used the powerful nonviolent force to fight social injustices of their time. Their methods for successfully utilizing nonviolence were civil disobedience and noncooperation. In April 1930, Gandhi successfully lead the Salt March from Sabarmati, and traveled over 240 miles to Dandi where thousands of Indians produced salt from their Ocean, defying the British salt monopoly.This act of civil disobedience was to combat the unjust law of British Salt taxes. Similarly, King lead civil disobedience demonstrations with lunch counter sit-ins where black students would try to fight the unjust laws of segregation by sitting at an all white lunch counter. Gandhi also used noncooperation to boycott British. ‘I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH’ King’s ability to focus national attention on orchestrated confrontations with racist authorities, combined with his oration at the 1963 March on Washington, made him the most influential African-American spokesperson of the first half of the 1960s. Martin Luther King showed different types of leadership through his preaching, his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, boycotts, his marches, and his death. It is a 17-minute public speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered on August 28, 1963, in which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination. The speech, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement. Delivered to over 200,000 civil rights supporters, the speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century by a 1999 poll of scholars of public address. Dr. King had the power, the ability, and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized. By speaking the way he did, he educated, he inspired, he informed not just the people there, but people throughout America and unborn generations.All of these demonstrations show that he is the greatest leader of all time. He changed America, he changed segregation, he changed the way people think of people. All of his great qualities came in handy for him to be this great leader. To be remembered as a great man and leader ever to live and die doing what he believed in, and what he thought was right. ‘KING AS AN ORTOR’ †¢ He is famous for his wisdom and persuasive speeches against segregation of African Americans. He accomplished his success mostly through speeches, but also through his written essays. Although, his speeches were intense and filled with much persuasion, Martin had a way with words when he wrote too. †¢ He analyzed statements and responded in an argumentative manner. He demonstrated this through persuasive statements, answering quotes from the community, and used a past leader as an example. †¢ Martin Luther King had a way with words. He simply expressed himself in a manner that the people could understand. One way this was proposed, he used persuasive wording in order to demonstrate his particular feeling of that certain topic. Not only did Martin persuade the readers and or listeners with words of wisdom, but he also used quotes, good or bad, to argue against segregation and to explain why it was unjust. †¢ Martin’s main goal was to make the public aware of the problems it faces every day. His answers provide a continuous void of satisfaction to the readers naked eye, but filters those minds who’s thoughts were garbled with lies of the community. †¢ Martin Luther King Jr. not only answered the community, but he used important men as examples. One of them being, the ever so famous, Adolf Hitler. †¢ He displayed courage and wisdom in rare form. Only, to prove his worth as a U.S. citizen and his worth to his community. Martin Luther King Jr. truly was a magnificent and remarkable man. No matter what the people threw at him he had an answer for it. He used persuasive thoughts and words of wisdom in such a way that he will be remembered as one of the most dominating leaders of his time. CONCLUSION This brings us to a conclusion that King was a great leader and a also man that will never be forgotten. This is because of all the good things that he has done for America and the Black population. No one will ever forget this man because of his hard work, determination, loyalty to his people, is loyalty to his work, the trust people shared in him, how intelligent he was to make the right decision on his movements and speeches. Martin Luther King is a very inspiring individual, a man that will show you what is right and how it is going to be when all is over. He is the kind of man that will show you his dreams, and show you how he is feeling. But when it comes down to everything he is on top. He hits every aspect of a not good but great leader. Your forever Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. REFRENCES Primary Source: http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/4758 Martin Luther King Jr.: www.wikipedia.com Peter Ling’s examination on King’s leadership role during his campaign for peace and justice – http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/martin_luther_king_01.shtml Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle – http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_martin_luther_king_jr_biography/ Comparative study (Gandhi and king): http://socyberty.com/history/comparing-and-contrasting-gandhi-and-king/#ixzz22p4VniYk Analysis of I have a dream speech, by By Stevie Edwards: http://www.presentationmagazine.com/analysis-of-martin-luther-kings-i-have-a-dream-speech-8059.htm Fight Against Racism: http://www.civilrightsmovement.co.uk/fight-against-racism.html Martin Luther King Jr. Historic site :http://www.nps.gov/malu/index.htm